[124][125], According to the Pew Research Center, the majority of Oklahoma's religious adherents are Christian, accounting for about 80 percent of the population. [276][277], Oklahoma's judicial branch consists of the Oklahoma Supreme Court, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, and 77 District Courts that each serve one county. Byrd was required to attend a meeting in Washington, DC with the Bureau of Indian Affairs, at which he was compelled to reopen the courts. Cherokee is a city in Alfalfa County, Oklahoma, United States. Oklahoma is a constitutional republic with a government modeled after the Federal government of the United States, with executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Although registered Republicans were a minority in the state until 2015,[285] Oklahoma has been carried by Republican presidential candidates in all but one election since 1952: Lyndon B. Johnson's 1964 landslide victory. While W.W. Keeler served as Chief of the Cherokee Nation, he also was Chairman of the TCAB Executive Committee. Jul 27, 2017 - Explore tammie's board "cherokee symbols , meanings" on Pinterest. Pending the resolution of litigation, the Cherokee Freedman had all rights as full Cherokee Nation citizens, including voting rights and access to tribal services. [59] Oklahoma is an important producer of natural gas, aircraft, and food. Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory were merged into the State of Oklahoma when it became the 46th state to enter the union on November 16, 1907. Usually land was open to settlers on a first come first served basis. Oklahoma has two courts of last resort: the state Supreme Court hears civil cases, and the state Court of Criminal Appeals hears criminal cases (this split system exists only in Oklahoma and neighboring Texas). In 1999, they approved several changes to the constitution, including the removal of the qualifying phrase "of Oklahoma" from their name, leaving it simply "Cherokee Nation". Both University of Oklahoma and University of Tulsa are Tier 1 institutions, with the University of Oklahoma ranked 68th and the University of Tulsa ranked 86th in the nation. Both county and municipal governments collect taxes, employ a separate police force, hold elections, and operate emergency response services within their jurisdiction. [128], In 2000, there were about 5,000 Jews and 6,000 Muslims, with ten congregations to each group. Keeler, who was also the president of Phillips Petroleum, was succeeded by Ross Swimmer. [134], The state is the top manufacturer of tires in North America and contains one of the fastest-growing biotechnology industries in the nation. [42] An average 62 tornadoes strike the state per year—one of the highest rates in the world. [31] Because of its position in the center of the United States, Oklahoma is also among the top states for logistic centers, and a major contributor to weather-related research. The most prominent are the state's two members of the Big 12 Conference,[226] one of the so-called Power Five conferences of the top tier of college football, Division I FBS. McCabe discussed with President Theodore Roosevelt the possibility of making Oklahoma a majority-Black state. Average monthly precipitation increases dramatically in the spring to a peak in May, the wettest month over most of the state, with its frequent and not uncommonly severe thunderstorm activity. Eleven satellite communities have been organized by the tribe in areas of high Cherokee Nation populations. Print. [31] The tribe has members who also have some degree of African, Latino, Asian, European, and other ancestry. [220], Oklahoma has teams in basketball, football, arena football, baseball, soccer, hockey, and wrestling in Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Enid, Norman, and Lawton. [280], State law codifies Oklahoma's state emblems and honorary positions;[289] the Oklahoma Senate or House of Representatives may adopt resolutions designating others for special events and to benefit organizations. 780, establishing Oklahoma as the 46th state in the Union. [1], Two tribal council members represent the at-large citizenry – those who live outside the tribe's 14-county jurisdictional area in northeastern Oklahoma. [40] Contained within the U.S. It operates living history exhibits including a reconstructed ancient Cherokee village, Adams Rural Village (a turn-of-the-century village), Nofire Farms, and the Cherokee Family Research Center for genealogy, which is open to the public. Southern Plains villagers lived in the central and west of the state, with a subgroup, the Panhandle culture people living in the panhandle region. [119] The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English, and this dialect is quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland, South Midland, and Southern dialects. [58] Precipitation and temperatures decline from east to west accordingly, with areas in the southeast averaging an annual temperature of 62 °F (17 °C) and an annual rainfall of generally over 40 in (1,020 mm) and up to 56 in (1,420 mm), while areas of the (higher-elevation) panhandle average 58 °F (14 °C), with an annual rainfall under 17 in (430 mm). Spiro Mounds, in what is now Spiro, Oklahoma, was a major Mississippian mound complex that flourished between AD 850 and 1450. [54] Cherokee descendants of the Mount Tabor Indian Community must trace lineal descent from one or more of the six progenitor families. Okla. Stat. [30], Race and blood quantum are not factors in Cherokee Nation tribal citizenship eligibility. [25][26], Cherokee Nation Principal Chief Chuck Hoskin, Jr. said: “We have long held that Cherokee Nation has a reservation, rooted in our treaties, as the Supreme Court of the United States has now affirmed” and “This proposed legislation will cement our reservation boundaries and the broad tribal jurisdiction the Supreme Court recognized in the McGirt decision. [114], In Oklahoma, cities are all those incorporated communities which are 1,000 or more in population and are incorporated as cities. As a result, they did not receive land allotments and later were for a time excluded from tribal membership.[17]. Ranking 13th for total energy consumption per capita in 2009,[152] the state's energy costs were eighth-lowest in the nation. The state has four schools that compete at the highest level of college sports, NCAA Division I. From 1906 to 1938, the structure and function of the tribal government was not clearly defined. [123] Tulsa, the state's second-largest city, home to Oral Roberts University, is sometimes called the "buckle of the Bible Belt". B. Cunningham who served from November 8 to November 25. [44], The semi-arid high plains in the state's northwestern corner harbor few natural forests; the region has a rolling to flat landscape with intermittent canyons and mesa ranges like the Glass Mountains. [110], Under Oklahoma law, municipalities are divided into two categories: cities, defined as having more than 1,000 residents, and towns, with under 1,000 residents. With a current enrollment of approximately 240,000 members, the Cherokee Nation is Oklahoma's largest Indian group and the second largest in the United States. [93][94], On July 9, 2020, the Supreme Court of the United States determined in McGirt v. Oklahoma that the reservations of the Five Tribes, comprising much of Eastern Oklahoma, were never disestablished by Congress and thus are still "Indian Country" for the purposes of criminal law. It is the county seat of Alfalfa County. [66] Ancestors of the Wichita, Kichai, Teyas, Escanjaques, and Caddo lived in what is now Oklahoma. According to the National Education Association, teachers in Oklahoma had ranked 49th out of the 50 states in terms of teacher pay in 2016. This lexicon consists of over 7,000 words and will continue to be extended with more Cherokee word listings. [42] The state is home to the Storm Prediction Center, the National Severe Storms Laboratory, and the Warning Decision Training Division, all part of the National Weather Service and in Norman. See more. [29], Oklahoma has four primary mountain ranges: the Ouachita Mountains, the Arbuckle Mountains, the Wichita Mountains, and the Ozark Mountains. [120] 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English in the 2000 census, about 7.4% of the state's population. During creation of the Dawes_Rolls prior to allotment of tribal communal lands to households, many freedmen and Afro-Cherokee were listed separately from Cherokee by blood, regardless of their ancestry or culture. “Oklahoma” is indeed derived from two Choctaw words, “okla” and “humma.” The latter is spelled various ways, sometimes with an o or u as … Francis Paul Prucha (Norman: University of Oklahoma … It is the highest court of the Cherokee Nation and oversees internal legal disputes and the District Court. [31] The state ranks third in the nation for production of natural gas, is the 27th-most agriculturally productive state, and also ranks 5th in production of wheat. Partial plains interrupted by small, sky island mountain ranges like the Antelope Hills and the Wichita Mountains dot southwestern Oklahoma; transitional prairie and oak savannas cover the central portion of the state. Six of the state's universities were placed in the Princeton Review's list of best 122 regional colleges in 2007,[174] and three made the list of top colleges for best value. [86], Oklahoma also has a rich African-American history. [154] Eight and a half percent of the nation's natural gas supply is held in Oklahoma, with 1.673 trillion cubic feet (47.4 km3) being produced in 2009. Other Plays such as the Eagle Ford are geological rather than geographical. These were Yvonne Chouteau, sisters Marjorie and Maria Tallchief, Rosella Hightower and Moscelyne Larkin, known collectively as the Five Moons. After the U.S. government under President Richard Nixon had adopted a self-determination policy, the nation was able to rebuild its government. The TCAB was formed as a political organization in 1871 by William Penn Adair and Clement Neely Vann, for descendants of the Texas Cherokee and the Mount Tabor Community. However, in practice, enrollment in the Cherokee Nation rolls was often strongly influenced by race. [121] Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.[5][6][7]. As the lawmaking branch of the state government, it is responsible for raising and distributing the money necessary to run the government. Many theories, though none proven, abound about the origin of the name "Cherokee". Those who left could become United States citizens. [103] Most people from Oklahoma who self-identify as having American ancestry are of overwhelmingly English and Scots-Irish ancestry with significant amounts of Scottish and Welsh inflection as well. On August 8, 1938, the tribe convened a general convention in Fairfield, Oklahoma to elect a Chief. [186] Western ranchers, Native American tribes, Southern settlers, and eastern oil barons have shaped the state's cultural predisposition, and its largest cities have been named among the most underrated cultural destinations in the United States. [133] Tulsa's ONEOK and Williams Companies are the state's largest and second-largest companies respectively, also ranking as the nation's second- and third-largest companies in the field of energy, according to Fortune magazine. [215] Additionally, an annual art festival is held in the Paseo on Memorial Day Weekend. [264], Oklahoma's largest commercial airport is Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City, averaging a yearly passenger count of more than 3.5 million (1.7 million boardings) in 2010. Oklahoma had 598 incorporated places in 2010, including four cities over 100,000 in population and 43 over 10,000. Cherokee (ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, Tsalagi Gawonihisdi [dʒalaˈɡî É¡awónihisˈdî]) is an endangered-to-moribund Iroquoian language and the native language of the Cherokee people. According to the Boston College sociologist and Cherokee, Eva Marie Garroutte, up to 32 separate definitions of "Indian" are used in federal legislation, as of a 1978 congressional survey. Oklahoma Attorney General Mike Hunter released a joint statement with the Muscogee (Creek), Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw and Seminole … [42], The entire state frequently experiences temperatures above 100 °F (38 °C) or below 0 °F (−18 °C),[58] though below-zero temperatures are rare in south-central and southeastern Oklahoma. [239], Oklahoma was the 21st-largest recipient of medical funding from the federal government in 2005, with health-related federal expenditures in the state totaling $75,801,364; immunizations, bioterrorism preparedness, and health education were the top three most funded medical items. These records pertain to the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee (Creek), and Seminole tribes. [175], Beginning on April 2, 2018, tens of thousands of K–12 public school teachers went on strike due to lack of funding. [153], As a whole, the oil energy industry contributes $35 billion to Oklahoma's gross domestic product (GDP), and employees of the state's oil-related companies earn an average of twice the state's typical yearly income. In 1999, Byrd lost the election for Principal Chief to Chad Smith but was elected to the Tribal Council in 2013. [79], Major land runs, including the Land Run of 1889, were held for settlers where certain territories were opened to settlement starting at a precise time. Percentages represent claimed religious beliefs, not necessarily membership in any particular congregation. [56] The Cherokee Nation hosts the Cherokee National Holiday on Labor Day weekend each year, attracting 80,000 to 90,000 Cherokee to Tahlequah for the festivities.[57]. [47], Marshlands, cypress forests and mixtures of shortleaf pine, loblolly pine, blue palmetto, and deciduous forests dominate the state's southeastern quarter, while mixtures of largely post oak, elm, red cedar (Juniperus virginiana) and pine forests cover northeastern Oklahoma. [134] In 2005, international exports from Oklahoma's manufacturing industry totaled $4.3 billion, accounting for 3.6 percent of its economic impact. [265] Tulsa International Airport, the state's second-largest commercial airport, served more than 1.3 million boardings in 2010. [38] The project includes five nearby houses in which native speakers will be invited to live, to facilitate interaction between native speakers and others at the facility. On 28 July 2009 it achieved independent federal recognition as a tribe. Cherokee tribal governments have fairly liberal membership standards, and some estimates exceed 370,000, which would make the Cherokee the largest Native American group in the United States. The tribe's democratically elected government, led by a Principal Chief, Deputy Chief, and Tribal Council. [37], On November 30, 2020, the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma unveiled plans for the new Durbin Feeling Language Center, a converted casino that will house all of the tribe’s language programs under one roof in Tahlequah. Some are basically heritage groups – people who have family with Cherokee heritage who are interested in the language and culture, and we certainly encourage that," said Miller. This means the state of Oklahoma produces an average of 38,278-degree-holders per completions component (i.e. [20] In early 2011, the tribal district court ruled that the special election in 2007 on the constitutional amendment was unconstitutional, as it excluded Freedmen from voting. [67][68], The Spaniard Francisco Vázquez de Coronado traveled through the state in 1541,[69] but French explorers claimed the area in the 1700s. Interior Highlands region, the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains are the only major mountainous region between the Rocky Mountains and the Appalachians. The State of Oklahoma recognized that Byrd's activities were breaches in state law. [107], The state's 2006 per capita personal income ranked 37th at $32,210, though it has the third-fastest-growing per capita income in the U.S.[108] Oklahoma ranks consistently among the lowest states in cost of living index. Western Carolina University (WCU) has partnered with the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians (EBCI) to promote and restore the language through the school's Cherokee Studies program. [155], According to Forbes magazine, Oklahoma City-based Devon Energy Corporation, Chesapeake Energy Corporation, and SandRidge Energy Corporation are the largest private oil-related companies in the nation,[156] and all Oklahoma's Fortune 500 companies are energy-related. The interactions between these three contrasting air currents produces severe weather (severe thunderstorms, damaging thunderstorm winds, large hail and tornadoes) with a frequency virtually unseen anywhere else on planet Earth. KELLY: I want to note you are a citizen of the Cherokee Nation. [263] In 2010, the state had the nation's third-highest number of bridges classified as structurally deficient, with nearly 5,212 bridges in disrepair, including 235 National Highway System Bridges. [54] The Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge is the oldest and largest of nine National Wildlife Refuges in the state[55] and was founded in 1901, encompassing 59,020 acres (238.8 km2). [120], Oklahoma is part of a geographical region characterized by conservative and Evangelical Christianity known as the "Bible Belt". Many Black towns, founded by the Freedmen of the Five Tribes during Reconstruction, thrived in the early 20th century with the arrival of Black Exodusters who migrated from neighboring states, especially Kansas. [273] The state has 77 counties with jurisdiction over most local government functions within each respective domain,[41] five congressional districts, and a voting base with a plurality in the Republican Party. [257], The state's first radio station, WKY in Oklahoma City, began broadcasting in 1920. This decision came in response to an application by a lesbian couple submitted on May 13. [22] On September 14, the Cherokee AG recommended reinstatement of the Freedmen, pending a hearing for oral arguments. During 1898–1906, beginning with the Curtis Act of 1898, the United States federal government all but dissolved the former Cherokee Nation's governmental and civic institutions, to make way for the incorporation of Indian Territory into the new state of Oklahoma. Snowfall ranges from an average of less than 4 in (102 mm) in the south to just over 20 in (508 mm) on the border of Colorado in the panhandle. The population was 1,630 at the 2000 census. On July 9, 2020, the United States Supreme Court ruled in a 5–4 decision that the original treaties, and promise of a reservation, with the Five Civilized Tribes (specifically the Muscogee in McGirt v. Oklahoma) were never withdrawn. [19] On May 22, 2007, the Cherokee Nation received notice from the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs that the BIA and Federal Government had denied the amendment to the 1975 Cherokee Nation Constitution because it required BIA approval, which had not been obtained. On August 22, 2011, the Cherokee Supreme Court upheld the results of the 2007 special election. The Ouachita Mountains are home to black bear, red fox, gray fox, and river otter populations, which coexist with 328 vertebrate species in southeastern Oklahoma. However, only Cherokee, if any, exhibits some language vitality at present. [83] On November 16, 1907, President Theodore Roosevelt issued Presidential Proclamation no. Elected in 1995, Byrd became locked in a battle of strength with the judicial branch of the Cherokee tribe. Cities and Towns", "Oklahoma Statutes Citationized Title 11. The Cherokee Nation publishes the Cherokee Phoenix, currently a monthly newspaper. Six men fell under this category, the first being A. The paper has operated nearly continuously since 1828, publishing editions in both English and the Cherokee syllabary (also known as the Sequoyah syllabary). The state is divided into 77 counties that govern locally, each headed by a three-member council of elected commissioners, a tax assessor, clerk, court clerk, treasurer, and sheriff. Cattle trails and cattle ranches developed as cowboys either drove their product north or settled illegally in Indian Territory. Cherokee Nation spokesman Mike Miller has said that some groups, which he calls Cherokee Heritage Groups, are encouraged. The Cherokee Nation acknowledges the existence of people of Cherokee descent "... in states such as Arkansas, Kansas, Missouri, and Texas," who are Cherokee by ancestry but who are not considered members of the Cherokee Nation.[51]. Thirty-nine Native American tribal governments are based in Oklahoma, each holding limited powers within designated areas. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words okla and humma, meaning "red people". The Cross Timbers, a region transitioning from prairie to woodlands in Central Oklahoma, harbors 351 vertebrate species. Structure and function of a Stomp Dance Society The Stomp Dance is a ceremony that contains both religious and social meaning. The chief is assisted in managing the executive branch by the Secretary of State, the Attorney General, the Marshal, the Treasurer, and several group leaders. 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